3DScanning

3D scanning is the process of collecting data to represent the shape and appearance of real-world objects or scenes. It typically yields a digital representation that captures geometry as a point cloud or a polygonal mesh, and may also record texture and color information. Scanning can be performed for objects, environments, or infrastructure, and the resulting data is often used for analysis, restoration, manufacturing, or visualization.

Non-contact methods dominate modern 3D scanning. Laser scanning uses laser light to measure distances and produce dense point clouds, with techniques such as structured light and time-of-flight contributing to speed and accuracy. Photogrammetry derives 3D information from many photos taken from different angles and relies on software to reconstruct geometry. Contact scanning exists but is less common for general purpose scanning; it uses touch probes to measure precise coordinates on a surface. Many workflows combine methods to improve coverage and detail.

Outputs commonly include point clouds, polygon meshes, and texture maps. Popular file formats include PLY, OBJ, STL, and LAS, and post-processing steps often involve registration and alignment of multiple scans, noise reduction, meshing, and texture mapping. Accuracy varies from sub-millimeter to several millimeters depending on the equipment, distance, and technique.

Applications span manufacturing, reverse engineering, architecture, cultural heritage, medicine, film and games, and robotics. Limitations include occlusions, reflective or translucent surfaces, moving subjects, and large data sizes that require substantial processing power. Advances in hardware, software, and AI are enhancing speed, accessibility, and integration with CAD and simulation workflows.