wheeldriven

Wheeldriven, sometimes spelled wheel-driven, is an adjective describing systems that rely on rotating wheels to generate propulsion and steer motion. The term is commonly applied to motor vehicles, bicycles, robots, and various types of machinery. In wheeldriven designs, power from an engine, electric motor, or hydraulic source is transmitted through a drive train to wheels, which create motion by applying traction to the ground.

Drive configurations vary. Front-wheel drive uses torque sent to the front wheels; rear-wheel drive sends torque to the rear wheels; all-wheel drive and four-wheel drive distribute power to multiple axles. Some modern vehicles employ in-wheel motors, where the wheel itself is the motor—another form of wheel-driven propulsion.

In robotics and automation, wheel-driven locomotion is widespread for its simplicity and efficiency on smooth surfaces. Robots may use differential drive, with two independently driven wheels and a caster, or omnidirectional wheels such as mecanum or omni wheels that enable lateral movement while remaining wheel-driven.

Advantages of wheel-driven propulsion include high energy efficiency on appropriate terrains, predictable handling, and typically lower cost and complexity than legged or tracked systems. Limitations include reduced performance on uneven or soft terrain, susceptibility to tire wear and punctures, and limitations in obstacle clearance and rough terrain navigation.

Historically, wheeled propulsion dates to ancient chariots and has evolved with the internal combustion engine, hydraulic systems, and electric drivetrains. Today, wheeldriven designs remain dominant in passenger cars and many industrial machines, while specialty robots and vehicles explore alternative locomotion such as tracks or legs for challenging terrain.