viscosa

Viscosa, commonly called viscose rayon, is a regenerated cellulose fiber derived from natural cellulose such as wood pulp or cotton linter. The name viscose reflects the viscous solution of cellulose xanthate used in its production. It is one of the oldest commercially produced man-made fibers and remains widely used for textiles.

Production involves transforming cellulose into alkali cellulose, converting it to cellulose xanthate by reaction with carbon disulfide, dissolving the xanthate in dilute caustic soda to form a viscose dope, and extruding this dope through spinnerets into an acidic bath to regenerate cellulose as fibers. The resulting fibers can be formed as staple fibers or filaments, then spun into yarn and woven or knitted into fabrics. Viscose fibers readily absorb moisture and dye well, offering a soft hand and good drape, but they have moderate strength, especially when wet, and can wrinkle or lose strength under certain conditions. They are usually blended with other fibers to improve performance.

Uses include apparel such as dresses, blouses, linings, and underwear, as well as home textiles like curtains and bed linens. Viscose is also employed in nonwovens and certain industrial products; historically it has been used in tire cords and hygiene products.

Environmental and health concerns arise from the viscose process, notably the use of carbon disulfide and effluent management. Since the mid-20th century, industry efforts have reduced emissions and increased chemical recycling in many facilities. More eco-friendly cellulose fibers, such as lyocell produced by a closed-loop process, offer alternatives, but viscose remains in wide use due to its cost and versatility.