verrucaecausing

Verruca-causing refers to the factors and agents that lead to verrucae, commonly known as warts. The primary causative agents are human papillomaviruses (HPVs), a group of non-enveloped DNA viruses in the Papillomaviridae family. On the skin, several HPV types are associated with different wart forms. HPV-2 is frequently linked to common warts (verruca vulgaris), while plantar warts often involve HPV-1, HPV-2, HPV-4, or HPV-63. Flat warts are commonly connected with HPV-3 and HPV-10, among others. The specific type distribution can vary by age and population.

Pathogenesis involves infection of keratinocytes in the epidermis. The virus gains entry through small skin breaks or abrasions and replicates as the infected cells mature, producing epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis. This results in the characteristic rough, flesh-colored papules or plaques seen in various wart forms. Lesions may appear singly or multiply and can be painful when located on weight-bearing areas.

Transmission occurs mainly by direct skin-to-skin contact, autoinoculation, or via contaminated surfaces and fomites. Conditions that increase risk include participation in contact sports, communal showers and pools, skin trauma, and immunosuppression. Warts are contagious and can spread to other body sites or individuals.

Diagnosis is typically clinical, based on appearance. Dermoscopy or histopathology can be used in uncertain cases. Verruca-causing infections often resolve spontaneously over months to years in immunocompetent individuals, though recurrences are common. Prevention focuses on reducing skin trauma, avoiding sharing personal items, and maintaining good foot and hand hygiene, especially in communal settings. Treatment choices vary and may include topical therapies or procedural removal for symptomatic or persistent warts.