abrasions

An abrasion is a superficial wound that results from friction rubbing away the outer layers of the skin, typically the epidermis and sometimes the underlying dermis. It is usually caused by falls, scrapes against rough surfaces, or contact with abrasive objects and is common on the knees, elbows, and hands. Abrasions differ from incised wounds in that they are broad, irregular scrapes rather than clean cuts.

The primary mechanism involves removal of surface skin cells, exposing a raw, often moist area that may bleed lightly. Dirt, bacteria, and debris can be pushed into the wound, increasing the risk of infection. Superficial abrasions tend to heal with minimal scarring, while deeper ones may leave a scar.

Clinical features include pain, oozing, and a red, raw, or crusted surface. If the wound becomes increasingly painful, warm, swollen, or shows spreading redness, discharge, or fever, infection should be suspected.

Diagnosis is clinical, based on inspection and assessment of depth, contamination, and involvement of surrounding structures. Tetanus status should be reviewed for wounds that are dirty or contaminated.

Treatment focuses on cleaning and protection. Rinse with clean running water; gently remove any debris. Avoid harsh antiseptics that can damage tissue. Apply a thin layer of antibiotic ointment and cover with a clean, nonstick dressing. Change dressings daily or as directed. Seek medical care for deep, heavily contaminated, or facial wounds, wounds over joints, persistent bleeding, signs of infection, or if tetanus vaccination is uncertain.

Prevention includes protective gear and prompt wound care. Most abrasions heal within days to a couple of weeks, with minimal scarring.