veganism

Veganism is a philosophy and lifestyle that seeks to exclude all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing, or any other purpose. It typically involves a plant-based diet and non-dietary choices, such as avoiding animal-derived clothing and cosmetics.

The term vegan was coined in the 1940s by Donald Watson, founder of the Vegan Society in the United Kingdom. The movement grew from vegetarian ethics and critiques of animal agriculture, and has since expanded globally, driven by concerns about animal welfare, environmental impact, and health.

Dietary aspect: A vegan diet excludes meat, dairy, eggs, and other animal products. It emphasizes grains, legumes, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and seeds, often with fortified foods. Nutrients of concern include protein, vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, iron, iodine, and omega-3 fatty acids. Well-planned vegan diets can meet nutritional needs; many people supplement B12.

Environmental and ethical considerations: Proponents argue that vegan diets reduce greenhouse gas emissions, land and water use, and animal suffering. Critics note that impacts vary with production methods, geography, and product choices, and that processing and transportation can affect overall sustainability.

In public life, veganism intersects with nutrition policy, commerce, and culture. Outcomes depend on individual choices, access, and education. Health authorities generally support well-planned vegan diets as appropriate for all life stages, with attention to possible nutrient gaps.