vaishya

Vaishya is one of the four varnas in the traditional Hindu social order, occupying the economic and mercantile tier between Brahmins (priests) and Kshatriyas (warriors). The term derives from Sanskrit vaiśya, traditionally rendered as "merchant" or "trader." Vaishyas were historically associated with commerce, agriculture, cattle rearing, and crafts, and were expected to contribute to society by generating wealth and supporting the material needs of the community.

Scriptural basis and duties: In ancient and medieval Hindu texts, Vaishyas are described as producers and traders who oversee economic activities that sustain the community. The exact duties vary by text; earlier sources emphasize agriculture and trade, while later interpreters stress balance of wealth, duty, and dharma. The Bhagavad Gita and other discussions of varna address birth, guna (qualities), and karma (actions), noting that social order should align with individual nature, even as birth-based classifications persisted in practice.

Contemporary context: In modern India, the varna system is frequently discussed as a historical framework rather than a rigid social structure. Vaishya is commonly used to refer to a broad category of trading, entrepreneurial, and business communities, including mercantile groups such as Banias. Caste-based discrimination is prohibited by law, and many see varna as a traditional concept rather than a fixed identity. In sociology and anthropology, Vaishya is often treated as an occupational and social grouping rather than a uniformly defined caste.