Brahmins

Brahmins are a varna in the Hindu social order traditionally associated with learning, sacred rituals, and the transmission of Vedic knowledge. The term is linked to the Sanskrit word brahman, and Brahmins have historically served as priests, educators, and scholarly advisers. They are distinguished by their roles as custodians of sacred texts such as the Vedas and Upanishads and as interpreters of ritual and law within Hindu communities.

Regional diversity is a defining feature. Brahmin communities exist across India and the Indian subcontinent, with numerous subgroups and practices shaped by local languages, temples, and traditions. Examples include northern Brahmins such as Kashmiri and Bihari groups and southern Brahmins such as Iyengar and Iyer families, as well as Saraswat and other coastal lineages. Practices and pronunciations of Vedic rites often differ among these groups.

Historically, Brahmins held prominent religious and educational roles and were patrons of temples and courts under various rulers. In modern India, Brahmins are a diverse demographic, with members in many professions and social strata. Caste-based discrimination and affirmative-action policies remain topics of public debate. Constitutional provisions prohibit caste-based discrimination while permitting reservations for historically disadvantaged groups. Brahmin communities are also present in Nepal, Sri Lanka, and among the Indian diaspora, preserving rituals and learned traditions.