turntable

A turntable is a device for playing analog vinyl records. It spins a flat disc on a rotating platter while a tonearm carries a cartridge with a stylus that traces the grooves. The stylus converts the mechanical movements in the grooves into an electrical signal, which is routed through a phono preamplifier and audio system to produce sound. Turntables are commonly used with vinyl records and can be part of home stereos or DJ setups.

The turntable's modern form emerged in the mid-20th century with the widespread adoption of vinyl records and standardized speeds. Early models used belt-drive systems; later, direct-drive designs were developed, especially for professional DJ use in the 1970s and 1980s. While belt-drive is favored for audiophile listening, direct-drive is valued for its robustness and high torque.

Key components include the platter, motor, tonearm, cartridge, and stylus. Record speeds are typically 33 1/3 rpm (long-playing albums) and 45 rpm (singles), with 78 rpm surviving for some archival material. Many cartridges are magnetic (MM or MC) and the stylus shape and weight affect tracking and fidelity. Some units offer USB outputs to digitize records.

Operation requires proper setup: balancing the tonearm, setting tracking force and anti-skate, and providing a grounded connection to reduce hum. Routine maintenance includes cleaning records and the stylus, keeping the platter and bearings clean, and ensuring the belt remains in good condition on belt-drive models.

DJ turntables emphasize quick-start torque and features such as adjustable pitch, looping, and rugged construction. Some consumer models include built-in preamps or USB interfaces, simplifying connection to modern sound systems. Overall, turntables remain a primary format for listening to vinyl and for DJ performance, valued for analog warmth and tactile control.