turntables

Turntables are devices for playing analog vinyl records, rotating the disc at a constant speed while a tonearm traces the grooves with a stylus that converts mechanical modulations into an electrical signal. The signal is then amplified and equalized for listening, typically via a phono preamplifier that applies the RIAA curve.

Records are most commonly pressed to rotate at 33 1/3 rpm or 45 rpm, with some older or archival formats at 78 rpm. Turntables vary in drive system: belt-drive, direct-drive, and, less commonly now, idler-wheel. Belt-drive units place the motor off the platter, which can reduce motor noise and improve sonic purity; direct-drive units have the motor under or integrated with the platter, offering high torque and short startup times and are favored by DJs.

Key components include the platter, the drive mechanism, the tonearm, and the cartridge with a replaceable stylus. Cartridges are typically moving magnet or moving coil types, each with different fidelity and loading requirements; stylus shapes range from conical to elliptical profiles.

Performance considerations include wow and flutter, rumble, and signal-to-noise ratio. Routine maintenance involves cleaning the stylus, keeping records clean, tightening or balancing the tonearm, and replacing worn belts where applicable. Turntables are used in home audio systems, DJ setups, and archival or preservation environments, reflecting their role in preserving and reproducing analog sound.