tripartisme

Tripartisme, or tripartite governance, is a model of economic and social policy in which the state, employers’ organizations, and trade unions cooperate through formal channels to shape policy, regulate labor relations, and manage social welfare. It emphasizes social dialogue and consensus rather than adversarial bargaining.

Historically, tripartisme gained prominence in the postwar period across Western Europe as governments sought to coordinate reconstruction, wage policy, and social peace. It often relied on institutionalized bodies and regular negotiations that brought together the three social partners to discuss macroeconomic policy, wage levels, working conditions, and social protection.

Institutions and mechanisms associated with tripartisme vary by country but share common features: formal forums for consultation and negotiation, sectoral and interprofessional agreements, and a role for the state as mediator and facilitator. In France, the system was embodied by a permanent consultative body bringing together representatives of workers, employers, and the state, such as the Conseil économique et social. Similar tripartite arrangements exist in other countries, including national councils or commissions and bilateral or multilateral agreements that coordinate policy across economic sectors.

Critics of tripartisme argue that it can entrench established interests, limit broader participation, and slow policy responses during crises. Proponents contend that it fosters social peace, legitimacy, and coordinated economic planning, reducing industrial conflict and aligning policy with long-term social and economic goals.

See also: corporatism, social dialogue, tripartite system.