totalstasjoner

Total stations, or totalstasjoner in Norwegian, are precision surveying instruments that combine electronic distance measurement (EDM) and a digital theodolite in a single device. They are used to determine the coordinates of points in three-dimensional space by measuring angles and line-of-sight distances to a target.

Most total stations operate with a prism; the EDM signal is reflected back to the instrument. Some models support reflectorless measurements, enabling distance measurements to surfaces without a prism. The instrument is typically mounted on a tribrach and tripod and can be operated by one person, with robotic variants where a motorized unit follows the operator’s movements.

Inside, a microprocessor stores measurements and coordinates, and a display and input keypad allow field data collection. Modern units include onboard memory, USB or SD storage, and wireless interfaces such as Bluetooth or Wi‑Fi to transfer data to field computers or GIS/CAD systems. They may also integrate with GNSS receivers for georeferencing or coordinate corrections to align field data with larger geospatial datasets.

Typical applications include construction layout and staking, topographic and cadastral surveys, monitoring and control networks, and infrastructure projects. Accuracy depends on instrument quality, distance, and environmental conditions, with total stations generally offering centimeter-level accuracy over practical distances and higher accuracy on shorter ranges.

Historically, total stations emerged in the late 20th century as an advancement over separate theodolites and EDM devices. Since then, they have evolved into robust, portable, computer-assisted tools for modern surveying and civil engineering.