timberframing

Timber framing is a traditional building method that uses heavy timber members arranged into a structural frame. The frame is typically made of vertical posts, horizontal beams, and diagonal braces connected by carpentry joints rather than relying mainly on metal fasteners. The spaces between the timbers are filled with infill materials such as wattle and daub, brick nogging, or plaster, creating the characteristic half-timbered appearance in many styles.

Historically, timber framing has ancient roots and became widespread in medieval Europe, where skilled craftsmen developed durable joinery like mortise-and-tenon joints and pegged connections. In England, Germany, France, and other regions, timber-framed, or Fachwerk, houses became prominent and often exhibited visible timber detailing. In North America, colonial builders adapted European techniques to local timber supplies. The practice continued into early modern periods and experienced revival and preservation interest in later centuries.

Construction and joinery are central to timber framing. Key elements include posts, beams, tie beams, crown posts, and braces that form a load-bearing skeleton. Joints such as mortise-and-tenon and drawbored pegs are used to secure members without relying on nails. Some joints may be scarfed or keyed for alignment, and modern frames may incorporate engineered timbers or pre-cut components while preserving traditional appearance.

In modern use, timber framing persists in restoration projects, custom homes, and educational demonstrations. Many new frames combine traditional aesthetics with contemporary materials, using durable species or engineered timbers, while some integrate modern insulation and infill methods. Wood preservation, moisture control, and insect protection are important considerations in maintaining timber-framed buildings.