thromboembolisch

Thromboembolisch (thromboembolic) refers to conditions caused by thrombosis with subsequent embolization. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a vessel; embolization occurs when a portion of the clot or other material travels through the bloodstream and lodges at a downstream site, causing obstruction. The most clinically important form is venous thromboembolism, which includes deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

Venous thromboembolism arises from coagulation activation in the venous system, often related to immobility, surgery, cancer, pregnancy, obesity, and inherited or acquired thrombophilia. Arterial embolism also occurs when a dislodged clot or debris travels to arterial beds, potentially causing stroke, myocardial infarction, or limb ischemia, frequently in the setting of atrial fibrillation or atherosclerotic disease.

Diagnosis relies on clinical probability tools and objective testing. D-dimer testing is used to exclude VTE in low-risk patients; imaging—ultrasound for DVT, CT pulmonary angiography for PE—confirms the diagnosis. Treatment centers on anticoagulation to prevent clot growth and new clot formation; initial therapy may use heparin or LMWH, followed by warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants. In selected cases, thrombolysis or surgical embolectomy is considered; mechanical or pharmacologic methods may be used for massive PE.

Prevention focuses on risk factor modification, early mobilization after surgery, and prophylactic anticoagulation in high-risk individuals. The prognosis varies with the location and extent of embolism and the patient’s comorbidities; most patients recover with timely treatment, though recurrent VTE is a consideration.