textúru

Textúru, often rendered as texture in English, refers to the surface quality or perceived structure of a material or image. It encompasses both tactile feel and visual pattern that result from the arrangement, orientation, and finishing of constituent parts. The concept is used across disciplines to describe how surfaces look and feel, from roughness to intricate patterns.

In materials science and engineering, surface textúru describes micro- and macro-scale roughness, lay, and waviness, including the directionality of the surface. It influences wear resistance, friction, adhesion, coating performance, and optical properties. Texture is commonly quantified using profilometric measurements and roughness parameters such as Ra (average roughness) or Sa for areal assessment, with techniques ranging from tactile profilometry to optical methods.

In geology, rock textúru refers to the size, shape, and spatial arrangement of grains or crystals, revealing information about formation processes and history. Metamorphic rocks show aligned mineral textures due to deformation, while igneous textures reflect crystallization patterns.

In computer graphics and digital imaging, a texture is an image or procedural pattern applied to a 3D surface to simulate color, detail, or surface relief without adding geometry. Texture mapping uses coordinates (UV mapping) to wrap the image around models, enabling realistic material appearance such as wood, metal, or fabric.

In textiles and art, texture denotes the tangible feel and surface relief of fabrics, papers, or painted surfaces. Weave, fiber, pigment, and tool techniques create distinctive tactile and visual textures that affect aesthetics, comfort, and usability.

Textúru thus spans perceptual, physical, and computational domains, with methods and standards tailored to each field.