tetraplegic

Tetraplegia, also known as tetraparesis or quadriplegia, is a form of paralysis involving all four limbs and often the trunk, caused by damage to the cervical spinal cord or, less commonly, brainstem. The term is typically used for injuries at or above the cervical level; paraplegia refers to impairment mainly in the legs and lower body with preserved arm function.

Causes include traumatic spinal cord injury at the cervical spine, such as from motor vehicle crashes, falls, or sports injuries, as well as nontraumatic conditions like tumors, degenerative disease, infections, inflammatory disorders, and congenital malformations. The severity depends on whether the injury is complete, with no motor or sensory function preserved below the injury level, or incomplete, with varying degrees of preserved function. Clinicians often use the ASIA impairment scale to classify the injury.

Symptoms commonly include weakness or paralysis of all four limbs, sensory loss, and potential impairments in respiration and coughing. Autonomic dysfunction may occur, and individuals are at risk for complications such as pressure ulcers, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, constipation, and, for injuries above T6, autonomic dysreflexia. Spasticity can develop as part of the motor deficit.

Diagnosis involves a neurological examination, ASIA scoring, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT to determine the level and completeness of injury. Management emphasizes acute stabilization, prevention of secondary injury, and multidisciplinary rehabilitation, including physical and occupational therapy, respiratory support, and assistive devices. Assistive technologies (wheelchairs, communication aids) and strategies for bladder and bowel management are integral to care.

Prognosis varies widely and depends on injury level and completeness, age, and access to rehabilitation. Some recover partial function, while others live with long-term disability managed through adaptive equipment and supportive care.