termostaty

Termostaty are automatic devices that regulate temperature by sensing the environment and controlling heating or cooling equipment to maintain a desired setpoint. They are used in homes, offices, and industrial settings, and have evolved from simple mechanical systems to electronic and smart devices.

Most termostaty include a sensor (such as a thermistor, RTD, or a bimetal element) and a controller that activates or deactivates the controlled equipment. They may provide a user interface to set the target temperature, and some are integrated with building automation systems or internet connectivity.

Control methods vary: on/off (bang-bang) control, proportional control, and in more complex systems, PID algorithms. Mechanical thermostats often rely on hysteresis to prevent rapid cycling, while electronic ones can implement precise temperature regulation and energy-saving features.

Applications include room heating with boilers or furnaces, cooling systems, water heaters, and refrigeration. In hydronic heating, thermostatic radiator valves regulate individual radiators. In modern buildings, smart termostaty connect to Wi-Fi, support voice control, learn routines, and provide energy usage data.

Safety and standards: Many termostaty include protection against overheating and misuse, and comply with electrical safety and energy efficiency standards in various regions.