teratogenesis

Teratogenesis is the process by which congenital abnormalities, also known as birth defects, are produced. These abnormalities can affect virtually any organ system or body part. The term teratogenesis is derived from the Greek words teras, meaning monster, and genesis, meaning creation. A substance or agent that causes teratogenesis is called a teratogen.

Teratogenesis can occur during prenatal development, from conception to birth. The timing of exposure to a teratogen is critical, as different organs and systems are developing at specific times during pregnancy. Exposure during a sensitive period can have more severe consequences.

Many factors can cause teratogenesis, including genetic mutations, infections, exposure to certain medications or drugs, radiation, and environmental toxins. Some common examples of teratogens include thalidomide, certain anticonvulsant drugs, rubella virus, and excessive alcohol consumption. In many cases, the exact cause of a birth defect remains unknown.

The consequences of teratogenesis vary widely depending on the specific teratogen, the dose, the duration of exposure, and the stage of development. Birth defects can range from minor cosmetic issues to severe, life-threatening conditions. Diagnosis often involves physical examination, genetic testing, and imaging studies. Treatment and management depend on the type and severity of the defect. Prevention strategies include avoiding known teratogens during pregnancy and seeking appropriate prenatal care.