telekommunikaatioympäristöissä

Telecommunication, or telecommunications, is the transmission of information by electronic means over distance. It covers voice, data, text, sound, and video, delivered through wired, wireless, optical, and satellite systems. The field combines infrastructure, devices, and protocols to connect people and devices across local, national, and international networks, enabling services such as telephony, internet access, broadcasting, and data communication.

Telecommunication began with the telegraph and telephone in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Radio, satellites, and especially fiber-optic transmission in the late 20th century dramatically expanded capacity and reach. The Internet and standardized protocols later integrated disparate networks into a global information infrastructure.

Key components include transmission media (copper, fiber, radio, satellite), networks (access and core), and user equipment (phones, modems, sensors). Modern systems mostly use packet switching, with carriers and data centers supporting routing, switching, and signaling.

Common technologies include PSTN, DSL, and fiber to the home; wireless systems such as cellular networks (2G–5G), Wi‑Fi, and satellite communications. Internet protocols (TCP/IP) and Ethernet underpin most networks. Standards bodies such as ITU, IEEE, IETF, and 3GPP coordinate interoperability; regulators allocate spectrum and oversee licensing.

Telecommunications continues evolving with broadband expansion, next-generation wireless, and edge computing. Key challenges include security, privacy, reliability, and bridging the digital divide. The sector intersects with information technology, media, and cloud services, shaping modern commerce, education, and social communication.