synagogen

Synagogues are Jewish houses of worship and community centers where Jews gather for prayer, study, and communal life. The word 'synagogue' derives from Greek synagoge, meaning 'assembly.' In Dutch, the plural of synagoge is synagogen.

Functions include daily and Shabbat services, Torah reading on holidays and weekly Sabbaths, life-cycle events (bar/bat mitzvah, weddings, funerals), religious education, charitable activities, and social gatherings. They serve as places to study Hebrew and Jewish law, discuss communal needs, and coordinate charitable work.

Key architectural elements: aron hakodesh (Ark) where Torah scrolls are kept, ner tamid (everlasting light), bimah (reading platform), and seating oriented toward Jerusalem in traditional settings; in modern synagogues, the layout varies; many have classrooms and social spaces. Some communities emphasize a more egalitarian arrangement, especially in Reform and Conservative congregations.

Historically, synagogues emerged in the late Second Temple period as permanent gathering places for prayer and study in the diaspora; after the destruction of the temple, they became central institutions in Jewish life. Denominational differences include Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and other movements, each with distinct liturgical practices and architecture. In many communities, a minyan of ten adults is traditionally required for certain prayers.

The term 'shul' is Yiddish for synagogue. Synagogues vary widely in architecture, from ornate sanctuaries to simple chapels, and often serve as cultural centers as well as houses of worship.