swordfish

Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) is a large, highly migratory pelagic fish found in temperate and tropical seas worldwide. It possesses an elongated, flattened bill used to slash through schools of fish and squid. The body is dark blue to gray on the back and silvery on the sides, with a tall, crescent-shaped dorsal fin. Adults can reach several meters in length and weigh hundreds of kilograms, with reported specimens up to about 4.5 meters and 650 kilograms.

They inhabit the open ocean, from the surface to deep waters, and undertake long seasonal migrations following prey and water temperature. They are fast swimmers, capable of rapid bursts and long-distance travel. They typically feed on squid, fish, and other cephalopods, using their bill to stun or injure prey.

Reproduction occurs in warm offshore waters; swordfish are believed to be ovoviviparous, with eggs and developing embryos retained inside the female until hatching. Females release large numbers of free-swimming young, contributing to high fecundity.

Swordfish are an important commercial species, targeted by longline, harpoon, and other fleets in many regions. Management measures under regional fisheries organizations aim to regulate catch and reduce bycatch, including dolphins and seabirds. Mercury levels in swordfish can be high, and advisories exist for vulnerable populations.

Conservation status: The IUCN lists swordfish as Least Concern globally, though some regional stocks have experienced declines due to overfishing; ongoing management aims to maintain sustainable populations.