sullen

Sullen is an adjective used to describe a mood, person, or atmosphere that is gloomy, morose, and withdrawn. Someone who is sullen tends to show silent resentment or irritation, often keeping to themselves and avoiding conversation. The term can describe facial expressions as well as behavior: a sullen glare, a sullen silence, a sullen mood. It is commonly used in literature and journalism to convey a heavy, uncommunicative mood rather than overt anger.

Etymology and history: The origin is uncertain. The word appears in Middle English as sullen and may derive from Old English forms meaning dull or heavy, with later development to mean morose or sulky. The modern sense emphasizes brooding and tacit withdrawal.

Usage and nuance: Sullen differs from sulky in that it underscores internal restraint rather than outward complaint. It can describe weather or atmosphere: a sullen sky or a sullen sea, suggesting dull light and sluggish motion.

Related terms: sullenness (noun), sullenly (adverb). Synonyms: morose, dour, gloomy, sulky. Antonyms: cheerful, sunny, lively.

Examples: He gave a sullen reply. After the quarrel, she stood with a sullen expression.