subarktiisen

Subarctic is a climatic and biogeographic zone located just south of the Arctic Circle, characterized by long, cold winters and short, mild summers. This region spans parts of North America, Europe, and Asia, including areas such as northern Canada, Alaska, Scandinavia, Russia, and Siberia. The subarctic climate is classified as *Dfc* or *Dfd* under the Köppen climate classification system, indicating cold, snowy winters and brief, cool summers with limited precipitation.

Vegetation in the subarctic zone is predominantly coniferous forests, often referred to as taiga or boreal forests. These forests consist mainly of evergreen trees such as spruce, pine, and fir, which can tolerate cold temperatures and short growing seasons. Beneath the forest canopy, a layer of shrubs, mosses, and lichens thrives, contributing to a diverse but sparse ecosystem. The subarctic also features extensive wetlands, including bogs and fens, which play a crucial role in water regulation and carbon storage.

Wildlife in the subarctic is well-adapted to harsh conditions, with species such as moose, wolves, bears, and various bird populations. Large mammals like caribou and reindeer migrate seasonally in response to food availability and temperature changes. Human settlements in this region are typically small and scattered, with indigenous communities often relying on traditional subsistence practices such as hunting, fishing, and forestry.

The subarctic environment faces challenges from climate change, including rising temperatures, thawing permafrost, and shifts in wildlife behavior. These changes have significant ecological and cultural impacts on both natural ecosystems and human populations that depend on them. Conservation efforts focus on preserving biodiversity, managing sustainable resource use, and mitigating the effects of environmental degradation.