bogs

Bogs are wetlands characterized by waterlogged, acidic, nutrient-poor conditions and the accumulation of peat, a partially decomposed organic matter primarily derived from mosses such as Sphagnum. They are typically fed by precipitation rather than groundwater, a condition known as ombrotrophy, which helps maintain low nutrient levels and slow decay.

Peat builds up over long timescales as plant material is preserved in the water-saturated, low-oxygen environment. The resulting peat layer can become several meters thick and contributes to long-term carbon storage. Bogs are distinct from fens, which receive groundwater and carry more minerals.

Two common bog types are raised bogs and blanket bogs. Raised bogs form domed landscapes created by vertical peat growth and rely almost entirely on rainfall for water. Blanket bogs spread across low-lying terrain where high precipitation sustains extensive peat formation. Both types support specialized plant communities adapted to acidic, nutrient-poor conditions.

Ecology in bogs is dominated by Sphagnum mosses, which acidify and help preserve peat. Common vascular plants include heathers (Calluna vulgaris), blueberries and cranberries (Vaccinium spp.), and cotton grass (Eriophorum). Carnivorous plants such as sundews may occur in nutrient-poor sites. The fauna includes diverse invertebrates, birds, and small mammals adapted to bog margins and interior traps and microhabitats.

Bogs occur mainly in boreal and temperate regions of North America, Europe, and parts of Asia. They are important carbon reservoirs but are highly sensitive to drainage, peat extraction, and climate change. Restoration efforts focus on rewetting and reestablishing natural hydrology to protect biodiversity and carbon stores.