stomak

The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ located in the upper abdomen, primarily responsible for the initial stages of digestion. Situated beneath the diaphragm and connected to the esophagus at its upper end and the small intestine at its lower end via the pylorus, it plays a crucial role in breaking down food into a semi-liquid form called chyme. The stomach is lined with mucus-secreting cells that protect its walls from the acidic environment created by gastric juices, which contain hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes like pepsin.

Its primary functions include mechanical digestion, achieved through rhythmic contractions called peristalsis, and chemical digestion, facilitated by gastric juices. The stomach also serves as a temporary storage site for food, regulating its passage into the small intestine to control digestion speed. Additionally, it contributes to immune defense by secreting antimicrobial substances and housing beneficial gut bacteria.

Common disorders affecting the stomach include gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), peptic ulcers (open sores caused by acid erosion), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus. Diet, stress, and bacterial infections, such as those caused by *Helicobacter pylori*, are among the factors that can contribute to these conditions. Treatment often involves lifestyle modifications, medications, or, in severe cases, surgical intervention.

The stomach’s health is closely linked to overall well-being, as improper digestion can impact nutrient absorption and energy levels. Maintaining a balanced diet, staying hydrated, and managing stress are key to supporting stomach function and preventing digestive issues.