spawanie

Spawanie, in welding terminology, is a fabrication process that joins materials, typically metals, by causing coalescence. In most welding, heat is applied to melt the base materials, and a filler material is often used to form the joint. Some processes rely on pressure rather than heat or on a combination of both.

Common welding processes include arc welding (shielded metal arc welding SMAW, gas metal arc welding GMAW or MIG, and gas tungsten arc welding GTAW or TIG), submerged arc welding SAW, flux-cored arc welding FCAW, and resistance welding. Each method uses different heat sources, consumables, and control strategies, and is chosen based on material, thickness, joint design, and production conditions.

Materials typically welded include steel and aluminum, but many alloys such as stainless steel, nickel alloys, and copper alloys can be joined with appropriate techniques. Plastics and composites can also be welded using specialized methods.

Applications span construction, machinery fabrication, automotive and aerospace manufacturing, shipbuilding, and pipelines. Weld quality is critical for structural integrity and reliability, especially in safety-critical industries.

Safety and standards are central to welding practice. The process generates intense light, heat, and fumes, requiring protective equipment, proper ventilation, and adherence to procedures. Welding procedure specifications, certifications, and inspections are governed by codes and standards from organizations such as AWS, ISO 3834, and regional EN standards.

Quality assurance often relies on visual inspection and nondestructive testing, including radiography, ultrasonics, and magnetic particle testing, to detect cracks, porosity, or lack of fusion. Proper joint design, preheating, interpass temperature control, and post-weld heat treatment are important for certain materials and applications.