shipbuilding

Shipbuilding is the construction of ships and other floating vessels, including design, engineering, fabrication, assembly, outfitting, testing, and delivery. It takes place in shipyards equipped with heavy cranes, dry docks, and fabrication facilities, often organized around modular construction and block-by-block assembly.

Historically, shipbuilding began with wooden vessels and evolved through iron and steel hulls in the 19th century, enabling larger and faster ships. The 20th century brought standardized propulsion, advanced welding, and containerization, which reshaped yards, workflows, and global trade. Modern shipyards use digital design tools, automated cutting, and sophisticated logistics to manage large, complex projects.

Key stages include naval architecture to determine hull form, stability, and propulsion; detailed design and production planning; procurement of equipment and materials; hull fabrication, welding, and assembly; outfitting with engines, systems, and accommodations; launching, sea trials, and delivery. Many ships are built in modular sections that are joined together in the yard. Construction must meet regulatory requirements from classification societies and safety conventions such as SOLAS and MARPOL.

Materials used range from wood historically to iron and steel, with aluminum in some vessels. Hull forms include displacement, planing, and semi-displacement configurations, and vessels may be monohull or multihull. Subtypes include merchant ships, fishing vessels, offshore platforms, and naval ships, each with specialized design and construction practices.

Shipbuilding is a large, global industry requiring substantial capital and skilled labor. It affects international trade, national defense, and regional economies. Environmental considerations and recycling at end of life are increasingly emphasized, with focus on ballast water management, emissions controls, and sustainable ship design.