sleeppromoting

Sleep-promoting, sometimes written sleeppromoting, refers to interventions, substances, and practices that facilitate the onset, maintenance, and consolidation of sleep. It encompasses pharmacological agents, dietary supplements, behavioral therapies, and lifestyle adjustments aimed at increasing sleep propensity or reducing wakefulness. The term is used to distinguish these approaches from wake-promoting strategies such as stimulants or alertness-enhancing drugs.

Pharmacological options include melatonin, sedative-hypnotics (benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine agents such as zolpidem, eszopiclone, and zaleplon), antidepressants with sedating effects (for example trazodone and doxepin in low doses), and newer drugs like orexin receptor antagonists (e.g., suvorexant). Over-the-counter antihistamines are commonly used for short-term sleep problems but can cause next-day drowsiness and cognitive impairment. The choice of agent depends on the underlying sleep disorder, age, comorbidities, and risk of dependence or adverse effects. Melatonin is a chronobiotic that can shift circadian timing and is used for jet lag and certain circadian rhythm disorders, though evidence for chronic insomnia is mixed.

Nonpharmacologic sleep-promoting strategies include cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), which combines stimulus control, sleep restriction, relaxation techniques, and cognitive restructuring. Sleep hygiene and environmental optimization—regular sleep schedules, a cool, dark, quiet room, and avoidance of screens before bed—also support sleep. Light exposure timing, physical activity, and meal timing influence circadian alignment and sleep quality.

Safety considerations emphasize minimal effective dosing, caution in the elderly, monitoring for dependence or daytime impairment, and avoiding concurrent use with alcohol or other depressants. Regulatory status varies by country and by agent.