scuba

Scuba stands for self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. It refers to equipment and techniques that allow a diver to breathe underwater independently of surface air supply, enabling exploration and work in submerged environments for extended periods.

A typical scuba system includes a high-pressure cylinder of breathing gas, a regulator that reduces the gas pressure to ambient, a buoyancy control device, a harness with weights, and instruments such as a dive computer or gauge. Divers usually wear a mask and fins and may use a wetsuit or drysuit. Gas mixes vary by experience and goals: air (the standard mix), nitrox (enriched air), trimix, and other blends used in technical diving. Scuba can be performed with open-circuit equipment, where exhaled gas is vented to the water, or with rebreathers, which recycle breathing gas to extend bottom time and reduce gas costs.

History and training: Modern scuba emerged in the mid-20th century, notably with Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan’s Aqua-Lung. The technology and techniques were rapidly adopted for exploration, sport, and commercial work. Training and certification are provided by organizations such as PADI, NAUI, SSI, and BSAC, focusing on skills, safety procedures, and emergency management. Certifications enable divers to undertake progressively deeper and more complex dives under supervision and with appropriate equipment.

Safety and environment: Safe scuba practice relies on planning, the buddy system, proper ascent rates, and awareness of risks such as decompression sickness, nitrogen narcosis, and barotrauma. Responsible diving also emphasizes minimizing environmental impact and respecting underwater habitats.