runoffgeneration
Runoff generation refers to the process by which precipitation becomes surface runoff rather than infiltrating the soil. It is a key component of the rainfall–runoff transformation that influences flood peaks, soil erosion, and nutrient transport.
Two broad mechanisms are commonly distinguished. Infiltration-excess runoff (often called Hortonian runoff) occurs when rainfall intensity
Runoff generation is controlled by rainfall characteristics (intensity, duration, temporal patterns), antecedent soil moisture, and soil
Human activities, especially urbanization and land-use change, increase runoff by reducing infiltration and adding drainage connectivity.