rockwork

Rockwork is the creation of artificial rock formations or the deliberate assembly of natural stones to form features resembling natural geological outcrops. It is used in landscape design, architecture, film and theatre sets, zoos and aquariums, and in outdoor recreation areas to create cliffs, grottoes, waterfalls, and terraced gardens. Rockwork can be built from natural stones laid in place or from reinforced, fabricated materials that imitate rock.

Common methods include sprayed concrete over a rebar and wire-armature, hand-sculpted cement mixes, and fiberglass or polyurethane shells for lighter features. Natural stone can be dry-stacked or set with mortar. Synthetic surfaces are sealed for weather resistance and colored to match surroundings.

Design considerations include scale, realism, drainage, weight, and safety. Structural support for loads is especially important near water features; effective drainage prevents water damage. Surrounding soil and plantings are chosen to integrate visually with the rockwork.

Applications include formal gardens, park and resort landscapes, film and theatre sets, zoo exhibits, and indoor water features in museums and shopping centers.

Maintenance and safety efforts typically include cleaning, sealing, repairing cracks, and inspecting for structural fatigue. In historic or culturally sensitive sites, restoration seeks to preserve appearance while maintaining safety.