refluksu

Refluksu, commonly referred to as gastroesophageal reflux, is the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus. It occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter fails to close properly or relaxes at inappropriate times. Occasional reflux is common and may cause heartburn or a sour taste. When reflux happens frequently or causes significant symptoms or complications, it is usually termed gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Symptoms vary and may include heartburn, regurgitation of food or sour liquid, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, chronic cough, hoarseness, or asthma-like symptoms, especially at night.

Causes and risk factors include transient relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, hiatal hernia, obesity, and pregnancy. Foods and habits such as fatty meals, chocolate, caffeine, alcohol, smoking, large meals, and lying down soon after eating can worsen reflux. Delayed gastric emptying and certain medications may contribute.

Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and response to therapy, but may involve tests such as endoscopy to inspect the esophagus, pH or impedance monitoring to quantify reflux, and esophageal manometry to assess movement.

Treatment focuses on lifestyle modifications (weight loss, smaller meals, avoiding triggers, elevating the head of the bed), and medications. Antacids provide symptom relief, while acid-suppressing drugs such as H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors are commonly used. In refractory cases or when complications arise, surgical options like fundoplication or certain endoscopic procedures may be considered.

Impact and complications can include esophagitis, ulcers, strictures, Barrett’s esophagus, and respiratory symptoms such as chronic cough or laryngitis. With appropriate management, many individuals achieve good symptom control.