Antacids

Antacids are over-the-counter medicines used to relieve heartburn, acid indigestion, and sour stomach by neutralizing stomach acid. They come in chewable tablets, liquids, and effervescent forms. The most common active ingredients are aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate. Many products combine two or more ingredients and may include simethicone to reduce gas or alginates to form a protective raft in the stomach.

Mechanism and effect: Antacids increase gastric pH by neutralizing hydrochloric acid. This provides rapid relief, typically within minutes, but the effect is short-lived, often a few hours, depending on meals and ongoing acid production. They do not heal ulcers or treat underlying conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); if symptoms persist or recur, medical evaluation is advised.

Dosing and safety: Use as directed on the label. They are usually taken after meals and at bedtime. Excessive use can cause side effects: aluminum- or calcium-containing preparations may cause constipation, while magnesium-containing products can cause diarrhea. Calcium carbonate can contribute to kidney stones in susceptible people. Long-term or heavy use may lead to electrolyte imbalances or kidney problems, and may interfere with the absorption of other medicines; separate doses by about 2 hours.

Special populations: Pregnant individuals may use antacids, but safer options and clinician guidance are advised. Children should use age-appropriate products and dosing. People with kidney disease should use with caution and under medical advice. Antacids address symptoms, not causes, and should not substitute medical evaluation for persistent heartburn or chest pain.