píanó

The píanó, derived from the Italian word *piano* (meaning "soft"), is a versatile and widely used musical instrument belonging to the family of stringed instruments. It is played using a keyboard, where pressing keys causes hammers to strike strings, producing sound. The píanó was developed in the early 18th century as an improvement over the harpsichord, offering greater dynamic control and expressive capabilities.

The modern píanó typically features 88 keys, spanning seven octaves, though smaller models may have fewer. Its design includes a soundboard, which amplifies vibrations from the strings, and a mechanism that allows for sustained notes through the use of dampers. The instrument is often categorized into two main types: the grand píanó, with a horizontal string orientation, and the upright píanó, which stands vertically. Grands are generally favored for their superior tone and resonance, while uprights are more compact and commonly found in homes.

The píanó has played a central role in classical music, serving as both a solo instrument and an accompaniment tool. Composers such as Beethoven, Chopin, and Mozart wrote extensively for the píanó, shaping its reputation as a cornerstone of Western music. Beyond classical, it remains essential in jazz, pop, and other genres, adapting to diverse musical styles.

Maintenance of a píanó involves regular tuning, as strings gradually lose tension and pitch. Environmental factors, such as humidity and temperature, can also affect its performance, necessitating careful storage. While modern synthesizers and digital pianos have emerged, the acoustic píanó continues to be valued for its rich, organic sound and tactile playing experience.