pyelitis

Pyelitis is an inflammation of the renal pelvis, the funnel-like structure within the kidney that collects urine from the calyces and channels it into the ureter. It is considered a localized form of urinary tract infection (UTI) that specifically involves the upper part of the urinary system. Pyelitis can occur independently or as part of an infection that extends from the lower urinary tract, such as cystitis.

The condition is often caused by bacterial pathogens, most commonly Escherichia coli, which ascend from the bladder through the ureters to infect the renal pelvis. Other bacteria like Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella species can also be involved. Factors that predispose individuals to pyelitis include urinary tract obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, urinary stones, or compromised immune function.

Symptoms of pyelitis may include flank pain, fever, chills, dysuria, and increased urinary frequency or urgency. In some cases, there may be no apparent symptoms, especially in early stages. Diagnosis typically involves urinalysis showing pyuria, bacteriuria, and sometimes hematuria. Imaging studies such as ultrasound may reveal dilated renal pelvis or other structural abnormalities.

Treatment generally involves antibiotics aimed at eradicating the infection, along with addressing any underlying obstructive causes. If left untreated, pyelitis can progress to pyelonephritis, a more severe and diffuse inflammation of the kidney tissue, which can potentially lead to renal damage or systemic infection.

Prevention strategies include maintaining good hydration, proper hygiene, and managing predisposing factors such as urinary stones or reflux conditions. Regular medical evaluation is recommended for individuals at risk to prevent recurrence and complications.