punësimi

Punësimi refers to the state of having paid work or engaging in regular work activities in exchange for wages or salary. It is a central concept in labor economics and social policy, indicating the extent to which a population engages in productive employment as opposed to being idle, in education, or retired.

Forms of employment include full-time, part-time, temporary, seasonal, and self-employment. The distribution and quality of employment are often measured by indicators such as the employment rate, the labor force participation rate, and the level of underemployment. Data are typically collected by national statistical offices through labor force surveys.

Employment levels are influenced by economic conditions, demand for goods and services, technological change, education and skills, demographics, and geographic factors. A high rate of informality or the existence of significant underemployment can coexist with formal employment, especially in developing economies.

Policies to promote punësimi commonly include active labor market measures such as job-search assistance, training and apprenticeships, wage subsidies, public employment services, and support for entrepreneurship. Labor legislation, minimum wage rules, and social protection also shape employment outcomes.

Challenges in many contexts include youth entry into the labor market, gender gaps, regional disparities, and mismatch between skills and job opportunities. Addressing punësimi often requires coordinated efforts across education, industry, and government to foster inclusive and sustainable job growth.