pseudosains

Pseudosains is a term used to describe claims, theories, or practices that are presented as scientific but do not adhere to the methodological standards that reliably distinguish science from non-science. The term is used in science communication and education to highlight assertions that imitate the form of science—references to data, experiments, or theoretical frameworks—without delivering verifiable evidence or transparent methods. Etymologically, pseudosains combines the prefix pseudo-, meaning false or deceptive, with sciences, signaling its status as a claimed science rather than a confirmed one.

Common characteristics include vague or untestable hypotheses, lack of falsifiability, non-reproducible results, selective reporting, reliance on anecdotes rather than controlled studies, and appeals to authority or tradition rather than independent verification. Pseudosains often resists critical scrutiny, offering explanations that cannot be tested or refined through experiments, and may blend scientific-sounding language with unfalsifiable claims or hidden assumptions.

Distinguishing pseudosains from legitimate science hinges on adherence to testability, falsifiability, replication, and openness to revision. Legitimate science progresses through peer review, transparent methods, and willingness to revise conclusions in light of new evidence. Unsettled scientific topics may be debated within this framework, whereas pseudosains consistently avoids or dismisses rigorous evaluation and replication.

Examples commonly cited in public discourse include astrology, homeopathy, and certain forms of paranormal or conspiracy-related claims. The presence of these ideas in cultural or commercial contexts does not automatically classify them as science, but it signals why critical thinking and scientific literacy are important tools for evaluation.

See also: pseudoscience, critical thinking, scientific skepticism.