propustnosti

Propustnosti refers to the concept of permeability or the ability of a material to allow fluids, such as liquids or gases, to pass through it. The term is commonly used in engineering, environmental science, and materials science to describe how easily a substance can move through a porous medium, such as soil, rock, or synthetic filters. The degree of propustnosti is typically quantified using a parameter called permeability, which is influenced by factors like pore size, pore connectivity, and the fluid’s viscosity.

In civil engineering, propustnosti is critical in designing drainage systems, foundations, and earthworks. High permeability allows water to flow freely, reducing the risk of flooding or waterlogging, while low permeability can lead to water accumulation, erosion, or structural instability. Soil propustnosti varies widely depending on its composition—sandy soils generally exhibit higher permeability than clayey soils due to larger pore spaces.

In environmental contexts, propustnosti plays a role in groundwater movement and contamination. Aquifers with high permeability can rapidly transmit pollutants, while low-permeability layers may act as natural barriers, slowing or preventing fluid flow. Testing methods, such as permeability tests (e.g., constant-head or falling-head tests), help assess propustnosti in field or laboratory settings.

Synthetic materials, like membranes or filters, are also designed with controlled propustnosti to regulate fluid passage. For example, reverse osmosis membranes have very low permeability to salts but allow water to pass through under pressure. Understanding and manipulating propustnosti is essential in applications ranging from water treatment to geotechnical engineering.