presenteeism

Presenteeism is the practice of attending work while ill or otherwise impaired, leading to reduced productivity and potentially worsened health. It is contrasted with absenteeism, the absence from work. Presenteeism can be intentional or due to organizational pressures and cultural expectations.

Causes include high job demands, low control, fear of job loss or stigma, inadequate sick leave, and financial incentives to be at work. When workers feel compelled to be present, even while unwell, they may perform at a lower level, make more errors, or take longer to recover. Contagious illnesses can also increase risk to coworkers.

Measurement and impact: Presenteeism is typically assessed through self-report scales, supervisor assessments, or estimated lost productive time. Economic studies have found that the costs of presenteeism—lost productivity and diminished work quality—can rival or exceed those of absenteeism, especially in high-demand occupations.

Management: Interventions include supportive leadership, fair sick-leave policies, paid time off, flexible or remote work options, and return-to-work programs. Workplace health promotion, access to occupational health services, and efforts to reduce stigma around taking sick leave are also important.

Variation by sector: Presenteeism is studied across industries, with notable attention in healthcare, education, and service sectors, where patient safety and service quality are concerns. Ongoing research seeks to quantify costs, identify risk factors, and evaluate interventions.