precedence

Precedence is the principle of assigning priority to certain actions, items, or individuals according to rules, conventions, or practical considerations. It governs the order in which things are done, decided, or given attention when multiple options exist.

In mathematics, precedence refers to the order of operations. The conventional rule is that parentheses are processed first, followed by exponents, then multiplication and division from left to right, and finally addition and subtraction from left to right. This determines the result of expressions like 3 + 4 × 5.

In computing and programming, operator precedence defines how expressions with several operators are grouped into subexpressions. Multiplication and division typically bind more tightly than addition and subtraction, and exponentiation may bind even more tightly. Different programming languages may vary slightly, so parentheses are often used to clarify intent.

In law and governance, precedence refers to priority in authority or influence. Legal precedence or precedent describes how past judicial decisions guide future rulings, under the doctrine of stare decisis. In civil or ceremonial contexts, precedence ranks individuals by title, seniority, or official status to determine order of entry, seating, or honors.

In social etiquette and diplomacy, precedence governs proper form at formal events, ceremonies, and processions, ensuring that higher-ranking officials or guests are acknowledged or seated according to rank.

The term comes from Latin praecedere, meaning to go before.