powinny

Powinny is a Polish finite verb form used to express obligation, duty, or advisability. It is the feminine plural form of the modal auxiliary verb powinn- (related to powinna and powinni) and is used with subjects that are feminine plural. The corresponding forms for other subjects are powinni (masculine personal plural) and powinno (neuter singular). Together they function as a modal that indicates what is advisable or expected.

Usage and syntax: Powinny is typically followed by an infinitive, forming phrases such as kobiety powinny mieć prawo do wyboru (women should have the right to choose) or uczennice powinny odrobić pracę domową (female students should complete their homework). It can also appear with additional particles or clauses, for example: Powinnyśmy to zrobić wcześniej (we should do this earlier) in the first-person plural feminine form, or in third-person plural feminine with other subjects of that gender. The modal expresses normative guidance rather than a direct command.

Nuances and comparison: Powinny conveys advisability or expectation, often in formal or policy-related contexts. It differs from musieć (must, have to), which expresses a stronger necessity or obligation. In everyday speech, powinna/powinni/powinno are chosen to match the gender and number of the subject.

Origins and usage notes: Powinny derives from the historical Polish verbal system around the verb powinien/powinna, used to indicate that something ought to be done. It is standard in both written and spoken Polish, especially in normative statements, recommendations, guidelines, and ethical or legal texts.

See also: powinn- forms, powinna, powinni, powinien, musieć, modal verbs in Polish.