povidonaiodo

Povidone-iodine, commonly referred to as povidone-iodine or PVP-I, is an antiseptic formed by complexing iodine with polyvinylpyrrolidone. The complex releases iodine gradually, providing broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and some protozoa. It is used for skin disinfection before surgery, wound cleansing, and as a topical antiseptic for minor cuts, abrasions, burns, and mucous membranes. It is also employed in some mouthwashes and throat sprays, and in preoperative preparation of the skin.

Formulations of povidone-iodine include aqueous solutions, ointments, and scrubs, typically marketed in concentrations around 5–10% povidone-iodine. The exact amount of available iodine varies with formulation and dilution, influencing strength and duration of antimicrobial action. The polymer carrier, polyvinylpyrrolidone, helps reduce staining and provides a more gradual release of iodine.

Mechanism of action involves iodine penetrating microbial cells and inactivating proteins and nucleic acids, leading to cell death. The slow release from the PVP complex prolongs antiseptic activity on the skin or mucous membranes and contributes to its broad spectrum.

Safety and precautions: topical povidone-iodine is generally safe for short-term use on intact skin but can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. Excessive or prolonged use over large areas or on mucous membranes can lead to iodine absorption and may affect thyroid function. It should be avoided in people with known iodine allergy or certain thyroid disorders, and caution is advised during pregnancy and in neonates. It should not be used as a substitute for sterile technique in invasive procedures or on deep puncture wounds unless directed by a clinician.