povidoneiodine

Povidone-iodine is a widely used topical antiseptic that consists of iodine complexed with the water-soluble polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The complex serves as a reservoir that releases iodine gradually, allowing extended antimicrobial activity while reducing the irritant effects sometimes associated with free iodine.

The antiseptic exerts broad-spectrum activity, including bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and enveloped viruses. Iodine penetrates microbial cell walls and disrupts proteins and nucleic acids, leading to rapid cell death. Activity can be influenced by the presence of organic matter and the specific formulation; some microorganisms, such as certain spores and biofilm-associated organisms, may be less susceptible under certain conditions.

Povidone-iodine is used for skin antisepsis before surgery and invasive procedures, for cleansing wounds, and for mucous membrane and oropharyngeal disinfection in various clinical settings. It is available in multiple forms, including aqueous solutions, tinctures, scrubs, and ointments, as well as preoperative skin prep products and swab applicators.

Safety and adverse effects are generally manageable but can include local irritation, contact dermatitis, and staining of skin or nails. Systemic absorption is possible with extensive or prolonged application, which can affect thyroid function in susceptible individuals. It should be avoided in people with a known iodine allergy and used with caution in those with thyroid disease, pregnancy, or lactation. Concurrent use with chlorhexidine or other antiseptics on the same area should be avoided or spaced to prevent interaction and reduced efficacy.

Povidone-iodine is widely available over the counter and in hospital settings, and it remains a common choice for rapid, broad-spectrum topical antisepsis.