mouthwashes

Mouthwashes are oral hygiene solutions designed to be swished in the mouth and then spat out. They complement brushing and flossing by reducing oral bacteria, freshening breath, and helping control plaque and gingivitis. Some formulations also deliver fluoride for caries prevention or contain whitening agents to lighten stains.

Mouthwashes come in several types with different active ingredients. Antiseptic mouthwashes commonly use chlorhexidine digluconate, cetylpyridinium chloride, or essential oils (such as thymol, eucalyptol, menthol, and methyl salicylate) to reduce bacteria and inflammation. Fluoride mouthwashes contain sodium fluoride or stannous fluoride to strengthen enamel and reduce decay. Whitening mouthwashes use hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide and typically offer modest stain reduction. There are alcohol-containing and alcohol-free formulations; some people prefer alcohol-free options due to dryness or irritation concerns.

Evidence supports varying degrees of benefit. Antiseptic mouthwashes can reduce plaque and gingivitis, with chlorhexidine being highly effective but associated with side effects such as tooth staining, taste alteration, and mucosal irritation with long-term use. Fluoride mouthwashes aid caries prevention, particularly for high-risk individuals. Whitening mouthwashes may yield limited, temporary whitening and can cause tooth sensitivity with overuse. Alcohol-containing products may cause dry mouth or mucosal irritation for some users.

Usage guidelines emphasize that mouthwash is an adjunct, not a substitute for brushing and flossing. Follow product directions, typically rinse for 30–60 seconds and do not swallow. For children, use age-appropriate formulations and supervise until safe. Store out of reach of children.