postembolization

Postembolization is the period after an embolization procedure, in which materials are used to occlude selected blood vessels. Embolization is performed by interventional radiologists to control bleeding, reduce arterial supply to a lesion (often a tumor), or treat vascular abnormalities. Agents used include particles, coils, plugs, microspheres, glue, or sclerosants, delivered through catheters to achieve targeted devascularization. The postprocedural course depends on the treated organ, the extent of embolization, and patient factors.

The most common complication is postembolization syndrome (PES), characterized by fever, localized pain, nausea, vomiting, and malaise accompanied by leukocytosis. PES typically appears within 24 to 72 hours and resolves over several days with supportive care. It is usually self-limited, but severe symptoms may require hospitalization.

More serious complications are less frequent and include non-target embolization causing tissue injury, biliary injury after hepatic procedures, infection such as abscess, organ infarct, or bleeding. Patients with preexisting organ dysfunction or extensive embolization are at higher risk. Postprocedural imaging is used to assess extent of devascularization and to monitor for complications.

Management focuses on symptomatic relief and monitoring: analgesia, antiemetics, intravenous fluids, and fever control; antibiotics if infection is suspected. Follow-up imaging and laboratory tests assess treatment effect and organ function. Prognosis depends on indication and overall health; PES is usually temporary, while disease-directed outcomes depend on tumor biology and treatment response.