populizmus

Populizmus is a political approach that frames politics as a confrontation between "the people" and "the elites" or "the establishment." Its core claim is that sovereignty belongs to the people and that political decisions should reflect their general will, often conveyed through direct, simple rhetoric and charismatic leadership. Populism is not a single ideology; it can accompany left-wing or right-wing programs and is often described as a "thin-centered" ideology that attaches to broader beliefs.

Cas Mudde argues that populism is a thin-centered ideology that divides society into two antagonistic camps—"the pure people" and "the corrupt elite"—with sovereignty vested in the people. Ernesto Laclau treats populism as a political logic that constructs universality from demands across different groups. The label is applied to movements and leaders across regions, especially since the late 20th century.

Historically, the term has roots in the 19th century, but modern populism appears in European and American politics in various forms. Left-wing variants tend to emphasize anti-austerity and social justice; right-wing variants stress national sovereignty, immigration control, and law and order. In practice, populists tailor messages to audiences, sometimes combining grievance with calls for reform or direct action.

Critics contend that populism can oversimplify issues, substitute moral binaries for policy nuance, and undermine pluralism and institutional checks. Proponents argue it can broaden participation and challenge entrenched interests. In political science, populism is analyzed both as a rhetorical style and as a political strategy, with debates about its democratic implications and long-term effects on governance.