populism

Populism is a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel their concerns are disregarded by established elites. It rests on a moral division between "the people" and a perceived corrupt or out-of-touch ruling class, and it treats politics as a binary clash between popular sovereignty and elite domination. Populists typically employ direct, emotive rhetoric, cherish charismatic leadership, and favor mobilization outside traditional party channels. The term describes a repertoire rather than a fixed ideology and appears across the political spectrum.

Historically, populism began in the 19th century with agrarian and reform movements in the Americas and parts of Europe. In contemporary usage, it can be categorized as left-wing or right-wing. Left-wing populism often emphasizes economic redistribution, social welfare, and anti-elite arrangements; right-wing populism stresses national sovereignty, law and order, and often restrictive immigration or cultural homogeneity. Some movements mix elements of both.

Populists may advocate plebiscitary forms of participation, aggressive anti-corruption rhetoric, and a distrust of expert institutions. Critics argue that populism can erode liberal norms, simplify complex policy problems, and legitimize majoritarian rule or discrimination against minorities. Supporters contend it can energize neglected voters, highlight grievances, and spur political renewal.

Scholars distinguish populism by its style rather than a single program, noting variations such as personalist versus programmatic, and inclusionary versus exclusionary forms. The overall impact on democracy varies by context and safeguards on rights and institutions.