peruminen

Peruminen, or vomiting, is the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth. It is a protective reflex coordinated by the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata, with input from the chemoreceptor trigger zone and the vestibular system. Nausea typically precedes the act.

Common causes include gastroenteritis, food poisoning, medication side effects, gastritis, peptic ulcers, intestinal obstruction, pregnancy-related hyperemesis, migraines, motion sickness, alcohol or drug intoxication, metabolic disturbances, and central nervous system disorders.

Clinical features often include retching, salivation, pallor, sweating, and tachycardia. Vomited material may be undigested food or bile; the presence of blood or persistent vomiting requires urgent evaluation. Dehydration is a key concern, especially in children and the elderly.

Assessment focuses on hydration status, electrolyte balance, and signs of underlying illness. Management aims to control symptoms and treat the underlying cause. Mild cases can often be managed with oral rehydration and rest. If dehydration or inability to keep fluids persists, intravenous rehydration with isotonic saline may be needed. Antiemetic medications such as ondansetron, metoclopramide, or prochlorperazine are commonly used; choice depends on age, pregnancy status, and comorbidities.

Prevention and education include small, frequent meals, avoiding known triggers, and maintaining adequate hydration. Most episodes resolve within a day or two, but prolonged vomiting can lead to complications such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and Mallory-Weiss tears. Red flags warrant urgent medical attention: vomiting with blood, severe abdominal pain, fever, confusion, severe headache, neck stiffness, or vomiting lasting more than 24–48 hours.