pentest

A penetration test, or pentest, is a controlled, authorized simulated cyberattack on a computer system, network, or application. The goal is to identify security weaknesses that could be exploited by attackers and to assess the effectiveness of defensive controls. Unlike routine vulnerability scans, pentests involve active attempts to breach defenses, typically within an agreed scope and with prior authorization.

A typical engagement follows a structured methodology. Planning and scoping define objectives, rules of engagement, and data handling requirements. Information gathering and vulnerability assessment collect data about the target and identify potential weaknesses. Exploitation and post-exploitation test whether weaknesses can be abused and how far access could be extended, under carefully controlled conditions. The engagement ends with reporting and remediation recommendations and a rollback plan if needed.

Pentests can focus on different domains, including network infrastructure, web and mobile applications, wireless networks, and social engineering or physical security. Engagements may be external (outside the target network) or internal (from within), and can be white-box (full access to information), black-box (no prior information), or gray-box (partial information).

Common deliverables include an executive summary, a technical findings report with risk ratings, evidence, and prioritized remediation steps. Penetration testing relies on a combination of automated tools and manual testing, and frameworks such as PTES, NIST SP 800-115, OWASP Testing Guide, or industry standards guide the methodology.

Ethical and legal considerations require explicit authorization, defined scope, confidentiality, and data handling procedures. Responsible disclosure of discovered vulnerabilities is encouraged, and organizations should apply fixes and verify them in follow-up tests to reduce risk.