paraplegic

Paraplegia is the paralysis of the lower half of the body, usually due to damage to the spinal cord at thoracic, lumbar, or sacral levels. A person with paraplegia is commonly called a paraplegic. It is distinct from quadriplegia (tetraplegia), which affects all four limbs and sometimes the trunk. Paraplegia can be complete (no motor or sensory function below the injury) or incomplete (some preserved function).

Most cases in adults result from spinal cord injury due to trauma, such as vehicle crashes or falls. Non-traumatic causes include tumors, infections (for example transverse myelitis), degenerative disease, vascular events, and congenital conditions like spina bifida. The injury level and severity determine which muscles are affected and the degree of impairment.

Symptoms below the injury include weakness or paralysis of the legs, loss of sensation, and impaired autonomic functions such as bladder and bowel control, temperature regulation, and sweating. Spasticity or flaccidity may occur. Many people require assistive devices, such as wheelchairs, and ongoing rehabilitation to maximize independence.

Diagnosis relies on neurological examination, imaging (MRI or CT of the spine), and classification by the ASIA impairment scale, which codes motor and sensory function. Classification focuses on the injury level (thoracic or lumbar) and completeness.

Acute care emphasizes stabilization, prevention of secondary injury, and management of complications. Rehabilitation includes physical and occupational therapy, mobility training, and bowel and bladder management. Long-term care addresses pain, pressure ulcers, mental health, and social or vocational reintegration.

Prognosis varies with injury level and completeness and access to rehabilitation. Incomplete paraplegia has a better chance of partial recovery and greater independence. Epidemiology shows higher incidence among males and younger adults; traumatic spinal cord injury is a common cause in many regions.